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Difference Apron vs. Ground Apron and Ground, two terms that seem similar at first glance: Even upon closer inspection, the differences between the two remain subtle. Ground is responsible only for taxiing traffic in all areas outside the apron (the area wit...

The tower is generally responsible for all movements on the runways as well as within the control zone (CTR). Additionally, it determines the runway direction at the airport. Different or additional tasks are described in the respective airport SOP. Besides e...

The Approach/Arrival position oversees the vicinity around larger airports. It is typically responsible for all arrivals and departures from the respective airports. The main task is to merge the different traffic flows coming from various directions and guide...

With friendly permission of the DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH. Do not use for navigational purposes! (G: Controller; A:Pilot) Phrases in *asterisks* may be used additionally  Clearance Delivery A: München Delivery, DLH414, information A, ...

With friendly permission of the DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH. Do not use for navigational purposes! G: Controller Level instructions Phraseology EN Phraseology DE / Comment G: CLIMB/DESCEND TO (level) G: CLIMB...

The controller is responsible for the frequency, as only they know who needs to receive which instruction next. For this reason, the controller must be calm, friendly, but also assertive / self-confident on the frequency. Use Standard Phraseology For a...

Traffic information is needed whenever air traffic control wants or needs to inform a pilot about other traffic. Traffic information should contain precise information to make it as easy as possible for the pilot to identify the mentioned traffic. Structure o...

With friendly permission from the DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH. Do not use for navigational purposes! Below are excerpts from AIP Germany GEN 3.4. Language Radio communication is to be conducted in English or the language normally used by the ground stat...

The aviation community publishes regular updates to aeronautical data (airports, procedures, stands, etc.) in a coordinated fashion every 28 days on a Thursday. The schedule is available at Eurocontrol. At VATGER, we closely follow this schedule to bring upda...

Radar basics If you've ever flown in real life or on VATSIM, then you've probably come across the transponder and entered 4 digits. But why is all this necessary? There are two types of radar for monitoring air traffic: Primary radar: These are the hu...

For reasons of traffic safety and for identification purposes, German aircraft are subject to compulsory registration: Compulsory admission (Zulassungszwang) Compulsory registration (Eintragungszwang) Compulsory marking (Kennzeichnungszwang) German air...

In addition to the familiar ICAO Type Designator such as A320, B738, C172, ICAO Document 8643 - Aircraft Type Designators also contains the ICAO Type Description. This is a code that describes the characteristics of an aircraft, such as L2J, H1T, S1P. Euroscop...

Definition The ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code is a two part categorisation of aircraft types which simplifies the process of establishing whether a particular aircraft is able to use a particular aerodrome. It is included in ICAO Annex 14. It has two 'elements...

Description The ICAO wake turbulence category (WTC) is entered in the appropriate single character wake turbulence category indicator in Item 9 of the ICAO model flight plan form and is based on the maximum certificated take-off mass, as follows: J (Super)...

Coordination is indispensable in the overall air traffic control system. This is particularly important in a highly complex airspace such as that over the Federal Republic of Germany with its numerous small sectors. There are a large number of problems that ca...

Already between tower and ground, in many situations communication and coordination are indispensable for smooth, safe and efficient traffic handling. Even though most standard operations are regulated in the form of SOPs, there are many situations that requi...

The proper handover is an important part of the controller's everyday life and is becoming more and more relevant for us at VATSIM due to hour-long events such as "Munich 11 to 11", "Berlin Overload" or "Frankfurt RFO". The following guide is intended to illu...

While the article "Handover Tower" has already examined the WEST-principle in detail, this article presents a more practical method for handover between approach and cente. The WEST principle can of course also be used in parallel, but there is a risk of forge...