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The correct use of LVO is not a mandatory part of S1 training. Introduction In normal operations, pilots fly an ILS approach up to the so-called CAT1 minimum which usually sits 200ft above the runway threshold. Not later than at the minimum, the crew must ha...

Runway changes might be tricky, especially during phases with a lot of traffic. This guide should help you to manage this situation. Example of a runway change at Frankfurt/Main EDDF from 07 ops to 25 ops. When is a runway change initiated? For this, a look ...

Definitions Conflict. Predicted converging of aircraft in space and time which constitutes a violation of a given set of separation minima. Conflict detection. The discovery of a conflict as a result of a conflict search. Conflict search. Computation and co...

This article describes the typical methods and controller actions used to solve conflict between aircraft in a surveillance (mostly en-route) environment. Only situations with two participating aircraft are considered. Although more complex scenarios (involvin...

This article describes the use of vectoring by air traffic controllers to manage the traffic flow and resolve conflicts. It is focused on the en-route phase and describes the general principles, typical uses and associated risks. The article also gives some ad...

This article describes the use of speed control by air traffic controllers to manage the traffic flow and solve conflicts. It is focused on the en-route phase and describes the general provisions, typical uses and also gives some advice about the practical use...

This article describes the use of vertical speed (rates of climb and descend) by air traffic controllers to control the traffic flow and solve conflicts. It describes the general procedures, typical applications and associated risks. It also gives some advice ...

While there are various reasons for a level change, this article focuses on the conflict solving aspect. Description Changing an aircraft's level is often the easiest way for a controller to solve a conflict, i.e. a situation where two (or more) aircraft are...

‘Radar vectors’ just means that an aircraft is guided by the air traffic controller through specific headings. In contrast to a standard IFR procedure (STAR, SID, Standard Approach), a so-called Minimum Vectoring Altitude (MVA) must be adhered to. This is spec...

Used sensibly, speed control is a very helpful tool for separating aircraft and maintaining sequences. Types of speeds A distinction is made in aviation between different speeds: IAS (indicated airspeed): The speed displayed to the pilot on the airspeed ...

This guide is intended to provide new approach controllers with an easy introduction to the subject. It contains the basic principles and important tips for establishing sequences on the final approach. Detailed knowledge of the articles "Radar vectors" and "S...

There can be various reasons why you have to initiate a holding. One reason can be that the arrival controller can simply no longer manage to get the necessary spacing between arrivals rushing in. Holding is then used as a means of creating spacing. Another p...

In case of low visibility conditions, the controller has to adapt the procedures at the airport to ensure a safe continuation of flight operations. However, controllers do not differentiate between CAT II and CAT III operations. The pilots must decide for the...

An emergency is, by definition, an emergency involving an aircraft in the air that poses a serious and immediate threat for the aircraft and/or its occupants. The handling of each emergency for the controller is highly individual, as no two situations are the...

Unlike tower controllers, radar controllers cannot look out of the window to provide air traffic services. They have to rely on data collected by so-called surveillance systems. Examples of these systems are primary surveillance radar (PSR) and secondary surve...

The enroute clearance, often also called IFR clearance, is usually the first clearance that an air traffic controller gives to any departing IFR pilot. As the name suggests, it contains important instructions for the flight route the pilot is cleared for. For...

In order to connect airports with the airway system for IFR flights, predefined departure routes (Standard Instrument Departure - SID) are used. These lead from the respective runway via waypoints and/or conventional navigation facilities such as NDBs and VORs...

Segment of an instrument approach Arrival Segment: This segment represents a transition from the enroute phase to the approach phase of the flight. Initial Approach Segment: This segment begins with the Initial Approach Fix (IAF) and ends at the Intermed...

A slot generally refers to a specific time window. In aviation, these are mainly used for times when an aircraft must be in the air or, as a result, when it is allowed to leave its parking position. Slots are mainly used when there is a high volume of traffic...

This guide is meant for ATC and tries to give an overview over the most common topics in regard to military operations on Vatsim. Be advised that some of these topics may only be performed by pilots who are part of a Vatsim Special Operations (VSO) Organisatio...