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Reduced runway separation is not a mandatory part of S1 training. Requirements ATCOs can only use Reduced Runway Separation if the following aspects are fulfilled: The tailwind component on the ground must not exceed 5 knots Ground visibility must ...

General Radar separation describes a minimum horizontal and vertical distance that must exist between two aircraft in the air. As safety is the greatest asset in aviation, care must always be taken to ensure that separation is maintained at all times. Radar...

Wake turbulence: yet another abstract new term. This video explains what wake vortices are and how they arise. And what do air traffic controllers have to do with it? We have to make sure that accidents like the one shown in the video in New York don't happen...

Visual separation refers to two possibilities of separation used in different cases. There is visual separation in the vicinity of aerodromes (relevant for the tower controller, depending on the situation possibly also for the approach controller) and there ...

With procedural separation, two aircraft can fall below the 3 NM required for radar separation under certain circumstances . Procedural separation is used in the following examples: Independent parallel approaches (IPA) In Frankfurt, Munich and Berlin, unde...

Flight Level, Altitude, Height, Elevation, Level - All the Same? Not at All... Terminology Let's clear up any confusion you might have regarding these terms. We'll go through the terms related to altitude measurement / altimetry step by step: LevelDefinit...

A flight plan specifies how a flight is planned to be conducted. Along with the callsign and aircraft type, it also includes the planned route, altitude, and speed. This ensures that both the pilot and the controller are on the same page with the flight's plan...

In addition to major airports and airfields with an RMZ (Radio Mandatory Zone), there are many smaller airfields that do not have published IFR procedures. At these airfields, operations must always be conducted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) for takeoff or l...

Airspace classes according to ICAO What is airspace? A simple question at first glance, but how about the details? Legislation states that airspace is the area that extends upwards over a certain part of the earth's surface.However, with more and more air tra...

General There are currently no class A airspaces in Germany. However, they are widespread in the rest of the world, e.g. in Australia, France, Italy, and Great Britain. Airspace A is the most restrictive airspace of all, counts as controlled airspace and onl...

General There are currently no class B airspaces in Germany. They are also not common in the rest of the world, but are typical in the USA. After airspace A, airspace B is the second most restrictive airspace in existence. Airspace B is controlled airspace. ...

General In Germany, airspace above FL100 upwards (or FL130 upwards Alpine regions) generally is Class C airspace. This is not always labelled on the charts. Otherwise, Charlie is usually found in the local traffic control area of commercial airports above the...

General In Germany, Delta is found in the local traffic control area of less frequented commercial airports in order to keep VFR apart traffic from the usually fast, heavy, commercial instrument flight traffic when the traffic load in the airspace increases. ...

A control zone (CTR) is the controlled airspace in the immediate vicinity of a commercial airport or larger aerodrome. The responsible authority is a tower, which in reality operates mainly by sight. The radar screen only serves as support. The control zone h...

General In Germany, airspace E usually extends from 2500 ft GND to FL100, provided it is not interrupted by airspace C or D. In the Alps, the airspace is raised to FL130, and lowered in the vicinity of commercial airports. There are 3 different lower limits. ...

General There are currently no class F airspaces in Germany, and neither are there in the rest of the world. Airspace F is uncontrolled airspace. The Standardised European Rules of the Air (SERA) also state that airspace F is only to be regarded as a tempora...

General In Germany, Class G airspace extends from the ground or water to 2500 ft, provided it is not interrupted by airspaces C, D, D(CTR) or E. Airspace G is also the only uncontrolled airspace in Germany. In Golf airspace, IFR flights are only permitted on...

An Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ) is intended to protect traffic around a highly frequented, uncontrolled aerodrome. As little traffic as possible should fly into the ATZ if it does not also land there. An ATZ is only active if the aerodrome in the zone is activ...

A Transponder Mandatory Zone (TMZ) is a defined area where carrying and using a transponder transmitting the barometric altitude of the aircraft’s altimeter is mandatory. The pilot must set the published TMZ code in the transponder before flying into a TMZ. I...

IFR arrivals and departures require increased attention in the vicinity of aerodromes, which is why so-called Radio Mandatory Zones (RMZ) have been introduced at aerodromes with IFR traffic. These are airspace class G and therefore uncontrolled. The AIP for G...