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Airspace classes according to ICAO What is airspace? A simple question at first glance, but how about the details? Legislation states that airspace is the area that extends upwards over a certain part of the earth's surface.However, with more and more air tra...

General There are currently no class A airspaces in Germany. However, they are widespread in the rest of the world, e.g. in Australia, France, Italy, and Great Britain. Airspace A is the most restrictive airspace of all, counts as controlled airspace and onl...

General There are currently no class B airspaces in Germany. They are also not common in the rest of the world, but are typical in the USA. After airspace A, airspace B is the second most restrictive airspace in existence. Airspace B is controlled airspace. ...

General In Germany, airspace above FL100 upwards (or FL130 upwards Alpine regions) generally is Class C airspace. This is not always labelled on the charts. Otherwise, Charlie is usually found in the local traffic control area of commercial airports above the...

General In Germany, Delta is found in the local traffic control area of less frequented commercial airports in order to keep VFR apart traffic from the usually fast, heavy, commercial instrument flight traffic when the traffic load in the airspace increases. ...

A control zone (CTR) is the controlled airspace in the immediate vicinity of a commercial airport or larger aerodrome. The responsible authority is a tower, which in reality operates mainly by sight. The radar screen only serves as support. The control zone h...

General In Germany, airspace E usually extends from 2500 ft GND to FL100, provided it is not interrupted by airspace C or D. In the Alps, the airspace is raised to FL130, and lowered in the vicinity of commercial airports. There are 3 different lower limits. ...

General There are currently no class F airspaces in Germany, and neither are there in the rest of the world. Airspace F is uncontrolled airspace. The Standardised European Rules of the Air (SERA) also state that airspace F is only to be regarded as a tempora...

General In Germany, Class G airspace extends from the ground or water to 2500 ft, provided it is not interrupted by airspaces C, D, D(CTR) or E. Airspace G is also the only uncontrolled airspace in Germany. In Golf airspace, IFR flights are only permitted on...

An Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ) is intended to protect traffic around a highly frequented, uncontrolled aerodrome. As little traffic as possible should fly into the ATZ if it does not also land there. An ATZ is only active if the aerodrome in the zone is activ...

A Transponder Mandatory Zone (TMZ) is a defined area where carrying and using a transponder transmitting the barometric altitude of the aircraft’s altimeter is mandatory. The pilot must set the published TMZ code in the transponder before flying into a TMZ. I...

IFR arrivals and departures require increased attention in the vicinity of aerodromes, which is why so-called Radio Mandatory Zones (RMZ) have been introduced at aerodromes with IFR traffic. These are airspace class G and therefore uncontrolled. The AIP for G...

General This article outlines recommendations for air traffic controllers when dealing with helicopters, particularly under Visual Flight Rules (VFR). Helicopters can also fly under IFR, but this is relatively rare. Regardless of the flight rules, helicopter...

Grundsätzliches In diesem Artikel werden Handlungsempfehlungen für Lotsen im Umgang mit Helikoptern insbesondere unter Sichtflugregeln (VFR) beschrieben. Hubschrauber können ggf. auch IFR fliegen, was aber eher die Ausnahme ist.  Unabhängig von der Flugregel...

Frankfurt Tower can be split into 4 stations as shown in the table and image below. Station Station ID Login Frequency Remark Center Tower DFTC EDDF_C_TWR 118.780 primary station West Tower DFTW EDDF_W_TWR 124.855 secondary sta...

General Most of the IFR flights depart by using an SID. However, this is not the only option. One alternative is a so called visual departure. During this procedure, the pilot is maintaining visual reference to the terrain up to a certain altitude. A visual ...

Allgemeines Die meisten IFR Flüge starten mithilfe einer SID. Allerdings ist das nicht die einzige Möglichkeit. Eine Alternative ist der sogenannte Sichtabflug (engl. visual departure). Während dieses Verfahrens hält der Pilot bis zu einer gewissen Höhe stets...

Einleitung Flughäfen können zur Erhöhung ihrer Kapazität mehrere Pisten haben, welche parallel angeordnet sind. In Deutschland gibt es insgesamt 7 solcher Flughäfen: Frankfurt (EDDF), München (EDDM), Düsseldorf (EDDL), Berlin (EDDB), Köln (EDDK), Leipzig (EDD...