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VFR aircraft are usually significantly slower than larger commercial aircraft. For this reason, a gap of around 7 to 9 NM is required to get slow VFR aircraft from downwind into final approach. The size of the gap depends very much on the speeds of both aircra...

ATIS stands for Automatic Terminal Information Service and provides pilots with up-to-date information about the airport. The ATIS can be listened to via the respective frequency or retrieved in text form (e.g. via datalink), this also works on Vatsim. In add...

ATIS steht für Automatic Terminal Information Service und bietet dem Piloten aktuelle Informationen zum Flughafen. Die ATIS kann über die jeweilige Frequenz abgehört werden oder auch als Textform (z.B. via Datalink) abgerufen werden, dies funktioniert auch auf...

TAF stands for Terminal Aerodrome Forecast and is a weather forecast for an airport with regard to certain parameters that will change during the forecast period. It contains all meteorological information that is important for flight operations. The validity ...

Runway management is the main task of every tower controller. Without a runway, an airport obviously makes no sense. Not only do we have to use our runway as efficiently as possible in order to fully utilize the airport's capacity, but we also have to protect ...

METAR stands for METeorological Aerodrome Report and is a coded weather report at a specific time with a development forecast (trend). In Germany, the METAR is always published 20 and 50 minutes after the hour. Reports between these time periods are called SPE...

Flight Level, Altitude, Height, Elevation, Level - All the Same? Not at All... Terminology Let's clear up any confusion you might have regarding these terms. We'll go through the terms related to altitude measurement / altimetry step by step: LevelDefinit...

A flight plan specifies how a flight is planned to be conducted. Along with the callsign and aircraft type, it also includes the planned route, altitude, and speed. This ensures that both the pilot and the controller are on the same page with the flight's plan...

In addition to major airports and airfields with an RMZ (Radio Mandatory Zone), there are many smaller airfields that do not have published IFR procedures. At these airfields, operations must always be conducted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) for takeoff or l...

Airspace classes according to ICAO What is airspace? A simple question at first glance, but how about the details? Legislation states that airspace is the area that extends upwards over a certain part of the earth's surface.However, with more and more air tra...

General Radar separation describes a minimum horizontal and vertical distance that must exist between two aircraft in the air. As safety is the greatest asset in aviation, care must always be taken to ensure that separation is maintained at all times. Radar...

Visual meteorological conditions (VMC) are required in order to be able to fly under visual flight rules (VFR). If at least one of the minimum values is not met, VFR flights are no longer permitted or must land immediately. In this case, SVFR can be used in co...

Visual flight rules (VFR) traffic navigates primarily by sight, using roads, rivers and landmarks as a guide. There are specific visual flight charts for this purpose, which pilots and controllers at an airport must be familiar with. Among other things, these ...

The traffic circuit or traffic pattern (German: Platzrunde) ensures that approach and departure procedures at uncontrolled airfields run smoothly and, above all, safely. They provide orientation and prevent serious collisions. They also help pilots to develop ...

In order to connect airports with the airway system for IFR flights, predefined departure routes (Standard Instrument Departure - SID) are used. These lead from the respective runway via waypoints and/or conventional navigation facilities such as NDBs and VORs...

Introduction At all controller stations, it is extremely important to use the frequency as efficiently as possible. In our heads, we may be able to think about and work on two things at the same time, but on frequency, we cannot give two instructions to diffe...

General All control towers operated by DFS (German Air Traffic Control) at international airports (EDDx) have a radar system that can provide radar separation. This might sound obvious at first glance, but it is not. There are still some controlled airports i...

Der Tower ist im Allgemeinen für alle Bewegungen auf den Pisten sowie innerhalb der Kontrollzone (CTR) verantwortlich. Zudem legt er die Betriebsrichtung am Platz fest. Abweichende bzw. zusätzliche Aufgaben werden in der jeweiligen Flughafen SOP beschrieben. ...

Um einen sicheren und reibungslosen Flugbetrieb zu ermöglichen, ist es wichtig effizient und sicher zu arbeiten. Wichtig ist es dabei immer vorausschauend zu arbeiten und nicht dem Verkehr nachzuarbeiten. Dazu gehört es u.a. auch über den eigenen Bereich hinau...

Übersicht Radarstaffelung (engl. Radar separation) beschreibt einen horizontalen und vertikalen Mindestabstand, welchen zwischen zwei Luftfahrzeugen, die sich in der Luft befinden, bestehen muss. Da die Sicherheit das höchste Gut in der Luftfahrt ist, muss s...