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In addition to major airports and airfields with an RMZ (Radio Mandatory Zone), there are many smaller airfields that do not have published IFR procedures. At these airfields, operations must always be conducted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) for takeoff or l...

Airspace classes according to ICAO What is airspace? A simple question at first glance, but how about the details? Legislation states that airspace is the area that extends upwards over a certain part of the earth's surface.However, with more and more air tra...

General Radar separation describes a minimum horizontal and vertical distance that must exist between two aircraft in the air. As safety is the greatest asset in aviation, care must always be taken to ensure that separation is maintained at all times. Radar...

Wake turbulence: yet another abstract new term. This video explains what wake vortices are and how they arise. And what do air traffic controllers have to do with it? We have to make sure that accidents like the one shown in the video in New York don't happen...

Visual meteorological conditions (VMC) are required in order to be able to fly under visual flight rules (VFR). If at least one of the minimum values is not met, VFR flights are no longer permitted or must land immediately. In this case, SVFR can be used in co...

Visual flight rules (VFR) traffic navigates primarily by sight, using roads, rivers and landmarks as a guide. There are specific visual flight charts for this purpose, which pilots and controllers at an airport must be familiar with. Among other things, these ...

The traffic circuit or traffic pattern (German: Platzrunde) ensures that approach and departure procedures at uncontrolled airfields run smoothly and, above all, safely. They provide orientation and prevent serious collisions. They also help pilots to develop ...

The enroute clearance, often also called IFR clearance, is usually the first clearance that an air traffic controller gives to any departing IFR pilot. As the name suggests, it contains important instructions for the flight route the pilot is cleared for. For...

In order to connect airports with the airway system for IFR flights, predefined departure routes (Standard Instrument Departure - SID) are used. These lead from the respective runway via waypoints and/or conventional navigation facilities such as NDBs and VORs...

Introduction At all controller stations, it is extremely important to use the frequency as efficiently as possible. In our heads, we may be able to think about and work on two things at the same time, but on frequency, we cannot give two instructions to diffe...

General All control towers operated by DFS (German Air Traffic Control) at international airports (EDDx) have a radar system that can provide radar separation. This might sound obvious at first glance, but it is not. There are still some controlled airports i...

Ground/Apron is responsible for pushback and all taxi guidance at the airport. Ground and Apron differ in that in reality ground is managed by DFS and apron is staffed by the airport operator itself. In Germany, there are six airports with an apron station: Be...

Ground/Apron ist für den Pushback und die gesamte Rollführung am Flughafen verantwortlich. Dabei unterscheiden sich Ground und Apron dahingehend, dass in der Realität Ground von der DFS und Apron vom Flughafenbetreiber selbst betreut wird. In Deutschland gibt ...

Der Tower ist im Allgemeinen für alle Bewegungen auf den Pisten sowie innerhalb der Kontrollzone (CTR) verantwortlich. Zudem legt er die Betriebsrichtung am Platz fest. Abweichende bzw. zusätzliche Aufgaben werden in der jeweiligen Flughafen SOP beschrieben. ...