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With friendly permission from the DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH. Do not use for navigational purposes! Below are excerpts from AIP Germany GEN 3.4. Language Radio communication is to be conducted in English or the language normally used by the ground stat...

Radar basics If you've ever flown in real life or on VATSIM, then you've probably come across the transponder and entered 4 digits. But why is all this necessary? There are two types of radar for monitoring air traffic: Primary radar: These are the hu...

For reasons of traffic safety and for identification purposes, German aircraft are subject to compulsory registration: Compulsory admission (Zulassungszwang) Compulsory registration (Eintragungszwang) Compulsory marking (Kennzeichnungszwang) German air...

In addition to the familiar ICAO Type Designator such as A320, B738, C172, ICAO Document 8643 - Aircraft Type Designators also contains the ICAO Type Description. This is a code that describes the characteristics of an aircraft, such as L2J, H1T, S1P. Euroscop...

Definition The ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code is a two part categorisation of aircraft types which simplifies the process of establishing whether a particular aircraft is able to use a particular aerodrome. It is included in ICAO Annex 14. It has two 'elements...

Description The ICAO wake turbulence category (WTC) is entered in the appropriate single character wake turbulence category indicator in Item 9 of the ICAO model flight plan form and is based on the maximum certificated take-off mass, as follows: J (Super)...

Coordination is indispensable in the overall air traffic control system. This is particularly important in a highly complex airspace such as that over the Federal Republic of Germany with its numerous small sectors. There are a large number of problems that ca...

Already between tower and ground, in many situations communication and coordination are indispensable for smooth, safe and efficient traffic handling. Even though most standard operations are regulated in the form of SOPs, there are many situations that requi...

The proper handover is an important part of the controller's everyday life and is becoming more and more relevant for us at VATSIM due to hour-long events such as "Munich 11 to 11", "Berlin Overload" or "Frankfurt RFO". The following guide is intended to illu...

While the article "Handover Tower" has already examined the WEST-principle in detail, this article presents a more practical method for handover between approach and cente. The WEST principle can of course also be used in parallel, but there is a risk of forge...

In the following chapters some terms are used, which will be explained now. Upstream/downstream sector UPSTREAM SECTOR is the previous sector.DOWNSTREAM SECTOR is the following sector.In the flight profile of a pilot through the sectors A-B-C would be from t...

For coordination purposes, there are some keywords that give the coordination partner a rough idea of what is involved when the initial contact is made. One of these keywords is the "Approval Request". This can be used in the following cases. Direct request (...

As defined earlier, the TRANSFER OF CONTROL takes place when crossing the sector boundary plus half the radar separation value, unless otherwise specified. If the receiving sector wishes to give instructions changing the trajectory of the flight before the act...

Anything that cannot be handled with an approval request or a release falls under the coordination type "Reference". The most popular application for this is a request to the upstream sector. Whenever I want a flight to fly into my sector that deviates from t...

At some airports it is necessary to obtain a so-called Departure Release from the radar station above before each departure, as they are responsible for the separation between IFR arrivals and departures. Whether a release is required can be found in the corre...

In addition to Approval Request, Release and Reference, there are other types of coordination. However, for various reasons, these are neglected on VATSIM. Nevertheless, they will be presented briefly. Estimate During an estimate call, squawk, handover level...

Ground/Apron is responsible for pushback and all taxi guidance at the airport. Ground and Apron differ in that in reality ground is managed by DFS and apron is staffed by the airport operator itself. In Germany, there are six airports with an apron station: Be...

In order to ensure safe and smooth flight operations, it is important to work efficiently and safely. It is important to always work proactively and not fall behind the traffic. This includes looking beyond your own area to see what your colleague in the neigh...