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Night VFR (NVFR), German: Nacht-VFR refers to visual flights at night. The rules specified therein apply from the beginning of civil twilight to the end of civil dawn. The corresponding times can be found in tables. For you as a controller in S2 training, the...

Special VFR (SVFR) (German: Sonder-VFR) refers to a visual flight in a control zone when meteorological conditions are worse than VMC. The procedure only exists in a control zone and is intended for taking off or landing under VFR at controlled airports when t...

General To cross airspace C or D under visual flight rules, pilots always require clearance from air traffic control. The controller must observe a number of points. The aircraft must be identified (squawk) The flight route and altitude should not lead ...

Introduction After receiving your student rating, you will next receive training for the Aerodrome Flight Information Service (AFIS) and then permission to provide AFIS within vACC Germany. This manual will support you in this process. This guide has been ke...

Introduction IFR IFR traffic is permitted at uncontrolled aerodromes within vACC Germany if aerodromes have published IFR approach procedures and a Radio Mandatory Zone (RMZ) has been added to airspace G around the aerodrome. A map of all uncontrolled airfiel...

METAR stands for METeorological Aerodrome Report and is a coded weather report at a specific time with a development forecast (trend). In Germany, the METAR is always published 20 and 50 minutes after the hour. Reports between these time periods are called SPE...

ATIS stands for Automatic Terminal Information Service and provides pilots with up-to-date information about the airport. The ATIS can be listened to via the respective frequency or retrieved in text form (e.g. via datalink), this also works on Vatsim. In add...

TAF stands for Terminal Aerodrome Forecast and is a weather forecast for an airport with regard to certain parameters that will change during the forecast period. It contains all meteorological information that is important for flight operations. The validity ...

Runway management is the main task of every tower controller. Without a runway, an airport obviously makes no sense. Not only do we have to use our runway as efficiently as possible in order to fully utilize the airport's capacity, but we also have to protect ...

Many airports have intersecting runways either to compensate for prevailing weather conditions or to increase efficiency due to a lack of space. In Germany, Hamburg and Cologne are particularly well known for their intersecting runways. As always, there are r...

Reduced runway separation is not a mandatory part of S1 training. Requirements Reduced Runway Separation is permitted on all international airports (ICAO code: EDD*) apart from Erfurt. On all other airports, RRS may not be used. ATCOs can only use Reduced R...

General Radar separation describes a minimum horizontal and vertical distance that must exist between two aircraft in the air. As safety is the greatest asset in aviation, care must always be taken to ensure that separation is maintained at all times. Radar...

Wake turbulence: yet another abstract new term. This video explains what wake vortices are and how they arise. And what do air traffic controllers have to do with it? We have to make sure that accidents like the one shown in the video in New York don't happen...

Visual separation refers to two possibilities of separation used in different cases. There is visual separation in the vicinity of aerodromes (relevant for the tower controller, depending on the situation possibly also for the approach controller) and there ...

With procedural separation, two aircraft can fall below the 3 NM required for radar separation under certain circumstances . Procedural separation is used in the following examples: Independent parallel approaches (IPA) In Frankfurt, Munich and Berlin, unde...

Flight Level, Altitude, Height, Elevation, Level - All the Same? Not at All... Terminology Let's clear up any confusion you might have regarding these terms. We'll go through the terms related to altitude measurement / altimetry step by step: LevelDefinit...

A flight plan specifies how a flight is planned to be conducted. Along with the callsign and aircraft type, it also includes the planned route, altitude, and speed. This ensures that both the pilot and the controller are on the same page with the flight's plan...

In addition to major airports and airfields with an RMZ (Radio Mandatory Zone), there are many smaller airfields that do not have published IFR procedures. At these airfields, operations must always be conducted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) for takeoff or l...

Airspace classes according to ICAO What is airspace? A simple question at first glance, but how about the details? Legislation states that airspace is the area that extends upwards over a certain part of the earth's surface.However, with more and more air tra...

General There are currently no class A airspaces in Germany. However, they are widespread in the rest of the world, e.g. in Australia, France, Italy, and Great Britain. Airspace A is the most restrictive airspace of all, counts as controlled airspace and onl...