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Optimizing the departure sequence A crucial point where many valuable seconds may be wasted, is the take-off sequence. Especially when there are a lot of traffic and narrow gaps, it is important to get the traffic into the air as quickly as poss...

This procedure is not a mandatory part of S1 training. Introduction Under certain circumstances, a take-off or landing clearance can be issued even if the runway is not clear yet. However, there must be reasonable assurance that the runway will be clear as s...

Introduction At all controller stations, it is extremely important to use the frequency as efficiently as possible. In our heads, we may be able to think about and work on two things at the same time, but on frequency, we cannot give two instructions to diffe...

General All control towers operated by DFS (German Air Traffic Control) at international airports (EDDx) have a radar system that can provide radar separation. This might sound obvious at first glance, but it is not. There are still some controlled airports i...

By definition, a missed approach is the part of an approach procedure that is initiated if the approach cannot be continued for whatever reason. As this is a standard procedure and not an emergency or urgency call, every tower controller must be familiar with ...

Introduction Aircraft are becoming more and more sophisticated and complex, there are more and more plugins that are close to reality and there is more and more interest in implementing real procedures - that's why we want to deal with the topic of "deicing" ...

The correct use of LVO is not a mandatory part of S1 training. Introduction In normal operations, pilots fly an ILS approach up to the so-called CAT1 minimum which usually sits 200ft above the runway threshold. Not later than at the minimum, the crew must ha...

Runway changes might be tricky, especially during phases with a lot of traffic. This guide should help you to manage this situation. Example of a runway change at Frankfurt/Main EDDF from 07 ops to 25 ops. When is a runway change initiated? For this, a look ...

Definitions Conflict. Predicted converging of aircraft in space and time which constitutes a violation of a given set of separation minima. Conflict detection. The discovery of a conflict as a result of a conflict search. Conflict search. Computation and co...

This article describes the typical methods and controller actions used to solve conflict between aircraft in a surveillance (mostly en-route) environment. Only situations with two participating aircraft are considered. Although more complex scenarios (involvin...

This article describes the use of vectoring by air traffic controllers to manage the traffic flow and resolve conflicts. It is focused on the en-route phase and describes the general principles, typical uses and associated risks. The article also gives some ad...

This article describes the use of speed control by air traffic controllers to manage the traffic flow and solve conflicts. It is focused on the en-route phase and describes the general provisions, typical uses and also gives some advice about the practical use...

This article describes the use of vertical speed (rates of climb and descend) by air traffic controllers to control the traffic flow and solve conflicts. It describes the general procedures, typical applications and associated risks. It also gives some advice ...

While there are various reasons for a level change, this article focuses on the conflict solving aspect. Description Changing an aircraft's level is often the easiest way for a controller to solve a conflict, i.e. a situation where two (or more) aircraft are...

‘Radar vectors’ just means that an aircraft is guided by the air traffic controller through specific headings. In contrast to a standard IFR procedure (STAR, SID, Standard Approach), a so-called Minimum Vectoring Altitude (MVA) must be adhered to. This is spec...

Used sensibly, speed control is a very helpful tool for separating aircraft and maintaining sequences. Types of speeds A distinction is made in aviation between different speeds: IAS (indicated airspeed): The speed displayed to the pilot on the airspeed ...

This guide is intended to provide new approach controllers with an easy introduction to the subject. It contains the basic principles and important tips for establishing sequences on the final approach. Detailed knowledge of the articles "Radar vectors" and "S...

There can be various reasons why you have to initiate a holding. One reason can be that the arrival controller can simply no longer manage to get the necessary spacing between arrivals rushing in. Holding is then used as a means of creating spacing. Another p...

In case of low visibility conditions, the controller has to adapt the procedures at the airport to ensure a safe continuation of flight operations. However, controllers do not differentiate between CAT II and CAT III operations. The pilots must decide for the...

An emergency is, by definition, an emergency involving an aircraft in the air that poses a serious and immediate threat for the aircraft and/or its occupants. The handling of each emergency for the controller is highly individual, as no two situations are the...