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Night VFR (NVFR)
Night VFR (NVFR), German: Nacht-VFR refers to visual flights at night. The rules specified therei...
Delaying techniques
VFR aircraft are usually significantly slower than larger commercial aircraft. For this reason, a...
Radio Mandatory Zone (RMZ)
IFR An- und Abflüge erfordern eine erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit in der Umgebung der Flugplätze, weshalb...
SID - Standard Instrument Departure
Um bei IFR Flügen Flughäfen mit dem System der Luftstraßen zu verbinden, werden vordefinierte Abf...
Holding Management
There can be various reasons why you have to initiate a holding. One reason can be that the arriv...
Speeds
Used sensibly, speed control is a very helpful tool for separating aircraft and maintaining seque...
Radar Vectors
‘Radar vectors’ just means that an aircraft is guided by the air traffic controller through speci...
Level Change
While there are various reasons for a level change, this article focuses on the conflict solving ...
Vertical Speed
This article describes the use of vertical speed (rates of climb and descend) by air traffic cont...
Speed Control
This article describes the use of speed control by air traffic controllers to manage the traffic ...
Vectoring
This article describes the use of vectoring by air traffic controllers to manage the traffic flow...
Conflict Solving
This article describes the typical methods and controller actions used to solve conflict between ...
Conflict detection
Definitions Conflict. Predicted converging of aircraft in space and time which constitutes a vio...
Runway Change Guide
Runway changes might be tricky, especially during phases with a lot of traffic. This guide should...
Deicing using the example of EDDM
Introduction Aircraft are becoming more and more sophisticated and complex, there are more and m...
Definitions
In the following chapters some terms are used, which will be explained now. Upstream/downstream ...
Introduction
Coordination is indispensable in the overall air traffic control system. This is particularly imp...
Departure release
At some airports it is necessary to obtain a so-called Departure Release from the radar station a...
Addendum (not relevant for VATSIM)
In addition to Approval Request, Release and Reference, there are other types of coordination. Ho...
Reference
Anything that cannot be handled with an approval request or a release falls under the coordinatio...