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General In Germany, airspace E usually extends from 2500 ft GND to FL100, provided it is not int...

General In Germany, airspace above FL100 upwards (or FL130 upwards Alpine regions) generally is ...

General There are currently no class A airspaces in Germany. However, they are widespread in the...

Visual separation refers to two possibilities of separation used in different cases. There is v...

Area of Responsibility Ground Ground can be divided into two sectors: Sector Login Stat...

Areas of Responsibility Apron The Munich Apron can be divided into three areas of responsibility...

A Tier 1 Endorsement must be held to staff any position at München Airport or to staff any positi...

Many airports have intersecting runways either to compensate for prevailing weather conditions or...

Runway management is the main task of every tower controller. Without a runway, an airport obviou...

TAF stands for Terminal Aerodrome Forecast and is a weather forecast for an airport with regard t...

ATIS steht für Automatic Terminal Information Service und bietet dem Piloten aktuelle Information...

ATIS stands for Automatic Terminal Information Service and provides pilots with up-to-date inform...

Definition The ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code is a two part categorisation of aircraft types whic...

In addition to the familiar ICAO Type Designator such as A320, B738, C172, ICAO Document 8643 - A...

For reasons of traffic safety and for identification purposes, German aircraft are subject to com...

Radar basics If you've ever flown in real life or on VATSIM, then you've probably come across th...

Introduction After receiving your student rating, you will next receive training for the Aerodro...

General To cross airspace C or D under visual flight rules, pilots always require clearance fr...

The Practice XXX Approach VFR, German: Übungsanflug VFR offers VFR pilots the opportunity to prac...

Night VFR (NVFR), German: Nacht-VFR refers to visual flights at night. The rules specified therei...