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Apron
Areas of Responsibility Apron The Munich Apron can be divided into three areas of responsibility...
Overview
A Tier 1 Endorsement must be held to staff any position at München Airport or to staff any positi...
Intersecting runways
Many airports have intersecting runways either to compensate for prevailing weather conditions or...
Runway separation
Runway management is the main task of every tower controller. Without a runway, an airport obviou...
TAF
TAF stands for Terminal Aerodrome Forecast and is a weather forecast for an airport with regard t...
ATIS
ATIS steht für Automatic Terminal Information Service und bietet dem Piloten aktuelle Information...
ATIS
ATIS stands for Automatic Terminal Information Service and provides pilots with up-to-date inform...
ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code
Definition The ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code is a two part categorisation of aircraft types whic...
ICAO Type Description
In addition to the familiar ICAO Type Designator such as A320, B738, C172, ICAO Document 8643 - A...
German aircraft registration
For reasons of traffic safety and for identification purposes, German aircraft are subject to com...
Transponder
Radar basics If you've ever flown in real life or on VATSIM, then you've probably come across th...
Uncontrolled airfield
Introduction After receiving your student rating, you will next receive training for the Aerodro...
VFR in Airspace C/D
General To cross airspace C or D under visual flight rules, pilots always require clearance fr...
Practice XXX Approach VFR
The Practice XXX Approach VFR, German: Übungsanflug VFR offers VFR pilots the opportunity to prac...
Night VFR (NVFR)
Night VFR (NVFR), German: Nacht-VFR refers to visual flights at night. The rules specified therei...
Delaying techniques
VFR aircraft are usually significantly slower than larger commercial aircraft. For this reason, a...
Radio Mandatory Zone (RMZ)
IFR An- und Abflüge erfordern eine erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit in der Umgebung der Flugplätze, weshalb...
SID - Standard Instrument Departure
Um bei IFR Flügen Flughäfen mit dem System der Luftstraßen zu verbinden, werden vordefinierte Abf...
Holding Management
There can be various reasons why you have to initiate a holding. One reason can be that the arriv...
Speeds
Used sensibly, speed control is a very helpful tool for separating aircraft and maintaining seque...